qmk-firmware/docs/features/repeat_key.md

Repeat Key

The Repeat Key performs the action of the last pressed key. Tapping the Repeat Key after tapping the Z key types another "z." This is useful for typing doubled letters, like the z in "dazzle": a double tap on Z can instead be a roll from Z to Repeat, which is potentially faster and more comfortable. The Repeat Key is also useful for hotkeys, like repeating Ctrl + Shift + Right Arrow to select by word.

Repeat Key remembers mods that were active with the last key press. These mods are combined with any additional mods while pressing the Repeat Key. If the last press key was Ctrl + Z, then Shift + Repeat performs Ctrl + Shift + Z.

How do I enable Repeat Key

In your rules.mk, add:

REPEAT_KEY_ENABLE = yes

Then pick a key in your keymap and assign it the keycode QK_REPEAT_KEY (short alias QK_REP). Optionally, use the keycode QK_ALT_REPEAT_KEY (short alias QK_AREP) on another key.

Keycodes

Keycode	Aliases	Description
QK_REPEAT_KEY	QK_REP	Repeat the last pressed key
QK_ALT_REPEAT_KEY	QK_AREP	Perform alternate of the last key

Alternate Repeating

The Alternate Repeat Key performs the "alternate" action of the last pressed key if it is defined. By default, Alternate Repeat is defined for navigation keys to act in the reverse direction. When the last key is the common "select by word" hotkey Ctrl + Shift + Right Arrow, the Alternate Repeat Key performs Ctrl + Shift + Left Arrow, which together with the Repeat Key enables convenient selection by words in either direction.

Alternate Repeat is enabled with the Repeat Key by default. Optionally, to reduce firmware size, Alternate Repeat may be disabled by adding in config.h:

#define NO_ALT_REPEAT_KEY

The following alternate keys are defined by default. See get_alt_repeat_key_keycode_user() below for how to change or add to these definitions. Where it makes sense, these definitions also include combinations with mods, like Ctrl + Left ↔ Ctrl + Right Arrow.

Navigation

Keycodes	Description
KC_LEFT ↔ KC_RGHT	Left ↔ Right Arrow
KC_UP ↔ KC_DOWN	Up ↔ Down Arrow
KC_HOME ↔ KC_END	Home ↔ End
KC_PGUP ↔ KC_PGDN	Page Up ↔ Page Down
MS_LEFT ↔ MS_RGHT	Mouse Cursor Left ↔ Right
MS_UP ↔ MS_DOWN	Mouse Cursor Up ↔ Down
MS_WHLL ↔ MS_WHLR	Mouse Wheel Left ↔ Right
MS_WHLU ↔ MS_WHLD	Mouse Wheel Up ↔ Down

Misc

Keycodes	Description
KC_BSPC ↔ KC_DEL	Backspace ↔ Delete
KC_LBRC ↔ KC_RBRC	[ ↔ ]
KC_LCBR ↔ KC_RCBR	{ ↔ }

Media

Keycodes	Description
KC_WBAK ↔ KC_WFWD	Browser Back ↔ Forward
KC_MNXT ↔ KC_MPRV	Next ↔ Previous Media Track
KC_MFFD ↔ KC_MRWD	Fast Forward ↔ Rewind Media
KC_VOLU ↔ KC_VOLD	Volume Up ↔ Down
KC_BRIU ↔ KC_BRID	Brightness Up ↔ Down

Hotkeys in Vim, Emacs, and other programs

Keycodes	Description
mod + KC_F ↔ mod + KC_B	Forward ↔ Backward
mod + KC_D ↔ mod + KC_U	Down ↔ Up
mod + KC_N ↔ mod + KC_P	Next ↔ Previous
mod + KC_A ↔ mod + KC_E	Home ↔ End
mod + KC_O ↔ mod + KC_I	Vim jump list Older ↔ Newer
KC_J ↔ KC_K	Down ↔ Up
KC_H ↔ KC_L	Left ↔ Right
KC_W ↔ KC_B	Forward ↔ Backward by Word

(where above, "mod" is Ctrl, Alt, or GUI)

Defining alternate keys

Use the get_alt_repeat_key_keycode_user() callback to define the "alternate" for additional keys or override the default definitions. For example, to define Ctrl + Y as the alternate of Ctrl + Z, and vice versa, add the following in keymap.c:

uint16_t get_alt_repeat_key_keycode_user(uint16_t keycode, uint8_t mods) {
    if ((mods & MOD_MASK_CTRL)) {  // Was Ctrl held?
        switch (keycode) {
            case KC_Y: return C(KC_Z);  // Ctrl + Y reverses to Ctrl + Z.
            case KC_Z: return C(KC_Y);  // Ctrl + Z reverses to Ctrl + Y.
        }
    }

    return KC_TRNS;  // Defer to default definitions.
}

The keycode and mods args are the keycode and mods that were active with the last pressed key. The meaning of the return value from this function is:

• KC_NO – do nothing (any predefined alternate key is not used);
• KC_TRNS – use the default alternate key if it exists;
• anything else – use the specified keycode. Any keycode may be returned as an alternate key, including custom keycodes.

Another example, defining Shift + Tab as the alternate of Tab, and vice versa:

uint16_t get_alt_repeat_key_keycode_user(uint16_t keycode, uint8_t mods) {
    bool shifted = (mods & MOD_MASK_SHIFT);  // Was Shift held?
    switch (keycode) {
        case KC_TAB:
            if (shifted) {        // If the last key was Shift + Tab,
                return KC_TAB;    // ... the reverse is Tab.
            } else {              // Otherwise, the last key was Tab,
                return S(KC_TAB); // ... and the reverse is Shift + Tab.
            }
    }

    return KC_TRNS;
}

Eliminating SFBs

Alternate Repeat can be configured more generally to perform an action that "complements" the last key. Alternate Repeat is not limited to reverse repeating, and it need not be symmetric. You can use it to eliminate cases of same-finger bigrams in your layout, that is, pairs of letters typed by the same finger. The following addresses the top 5 same-finger bigrams in English on QWERTY, so that for instance "ed" may be typed as E, Alt Repeat.

uint16_t get_alt_repeat_key_keycode_user(uint16_t keycode, uint8_t mods) {
    switch (keycode) {
        case KC_E: return KC_D;  // For "ED" bigram.
        case KC_D: return KC_E;  // For "DE" bigram.
        case KC_C: return KC_E;  // For "CE" bigram.
        case KC_L: return KC_O;  // For "LO" bigram.
        case KC_U: return KC_N;  // For "UN" bigram.
    }

    return KC_TRNS;
}

Typing shortcuts

A useful possibility is having Alternate Repeat press a macro. This way macros can be used without having to dedicate keys to them. The following defines a couple shortcuts.

• Typing K, Alt Repeat produces "keyboard," with the initial "k" typed as usual and the "eybord" produced by the macro.
• Typing ., Alt Repeat produces "../," handy for "up directory" on the shell. Similary, . types the initial "." and "./" is produced by the macro.

enum custom_keycodes {
    M_KEYBOARD = SAFE_RANGE,
    M_UPDIR,
    // Other custom keys...
};

uint16_t get_alt_repeat_key_keycode_user(uint16_t keycode, uint8_t mods) {
    switch (keycode) {
        case KC_K: return M_KEYBOARD;
        case KC_DOT: return M_UPDIR;
    }

    return KC_TRNS;
}

bool process_record_user(uint16_t keycode, keyrecord_t* record) {
    switch (keycode) {
        case M_KEYBOARD: SEND_STRING(/*k*/"eyboard"); break;
        case M_UPDIR: SEND_STRING(/*.*/"./"); break;
    }
    return true;
}

Ignoring certain keys and mods

In tracking what is "the last key" to be repeated or alternate repeated, modifier and layer switch keys are always ignored. This makes it possible to set some mods and change layers between pressing a key and repeating it. By default, all other (non-modifier, non-layer switch) keys are remembered so that they are eligible for repeating. To configure additional keys to be ignored, define remember_last_key_user() in your keymap.c.

Ignoring a key

The following ignores the Backspace key:

bool remember_last_key_user(uint16_t keycode, keyrecord_t* record,
                            uint8_t* remembered_mods) {
    switch (keycode) {
        case KC_BSPC:
            return false;  // Ignore backspace.
    }

    return true;  // Other keys can be repeated.
}

Then for instance, the Repeat key in Left Arrow, Backspace, Repeat sends Left Arrow again instead of repeating Backspace.

The remember_last_key_user() callback is called on every key press excluding modifiers and layer switches. Returning true indicates the key is remembered, while false means it is ignored.

Filtering remembered mods

The remembered_mods arg represents the mods that will be remembered with this key. It can be modified to forget certain mods. This may be useful to forget capitalization when repeating shifted letters, so that "Aaron" does not becom "AAron":

bool remember_last_key_user(uint16_t keycode, keyrecord_t* record,
                            uint8_t* remembered_mods) {
    // Forget Shift on letter keys when Shift or AltGr are the only mods.
    switch (keycode) {
        case KC_A ... KC_Z:
            if ((*remembered_mods & ~(MOD_MASK_SHIFT | MOD_BIT(KC_RALT))) == 0) {
                *remembered_mods &= ~MOD_MASK_SHIFT;
            }
            break;
    }

    return true;
}

Further conditions

Besides checking the keycode, this callback could also make conditions based on the current layer state (with IS_LAYER_ON(layer)) or mods (get_mods()). For example, the following ignores keys on layer 2 as well as key combinations involving GUI:

bool remember_last_key_user(uint16_t keycode, keyrecord_t* record,
                            uint8_t* remembered_mods) {
    if (IS_LAYER_ON(2) || (get_mods() & MOD_MASK_GUI)) {
        return false;  // Ignore layer 2 keys and GUI chords.
    }

    return true;  // Other keys can be repeated.
}

::: tip See Layer Functions and Checking Modifier State for further details. :::

Handle how a key is repeated

By default, pressing the Repeat Key will simply behave as if the last key were pressed again. This also works with macro keys with custom handlers, invoking the macro again. In case fine-tuning is needed for sensible repetition, you can handle how a key is repeated with get_repeat_key_count() within process_record_user().

The get_repeat_key_count() function returns a signed count of times the key has been repeated or alternate repeated. When a key is pressed as usual, get_repeat_key_count() is 0. On the first repeat, it is 1, then the second repeat, 2, and so on. Negative counts are used similarly for alternate repeating. For instance supposing MY_MACRO is a custom keycode used in the layout:

bool process_record_user(uint16_t keycode, keyrecord_t* record) {
    switch (keycode) {
        case MY_MACRO:
            if (get_repeat_key_count() > 0) {
                // MY_MACRO is being repeated!
                if (record->event.pressed) {
                    SEND_STRING("repeat!");    
                }
            } else {                          
                // MY_MACRO is being used normally.
                if (record->event.pressed) {  
                    SEND_STRING("macro");
                }
            }
            return false;
     
        // Other macros...
    }
    return true;
}

Handle how a key is alternate repeated

Pressing the Alternate Repeat Key behaves as if the "alternate" of the last pressed key were pressed, if an alternate is defined. To define how a particular key is alternate repeated, use the get_alt_repeat_key_keycode_user() callback as described above to define which keycode to use as its alternate. Beyond this, get_repeat_key_count() may be used in custom handlers to fine-tune behavior when alternate repeating.

The following example defines MY_MACRO as its own alternate, and specially handles repeating and alternate repeating:

uint16_t get_alt_repeat_key_keycode_user(uint16_t keycode, uint8_t mods) {
    switch (keycode) {
        case MY_MACRO: return MY_MACRO;  // MY_MACRO is its own alternate.
    }
    return KC_TRNS;
}

bool process_record_user(uint16_t keycode, keyrecord_t* record) {
    switch (keycode) {
        case MY_MACRO:
            if (get_repeat_key_count() > 0) {        // Repeating.
                if (record->event.pressed) {
                    SEND_STRING("repeat!");    
                }
            } else if (get_repeat_key_count() < 0) { // Alternate repeating.
                if (record->event.pressed) {
                    SEND_STRING("alt repeat!");
                }
            } else {                                 // Used normally.
                if (record->event.pressed) {  
                    SEND_STRING("macro");
                }
            }
            return false;
     
        // Other macros...
    }
    return true;
}

Functions

Function	Description
get_last_keycode()	The last key's keycode, the key to be repeated.
get_last_mods()	Mods to apply when repeating.
set_last_keycode(kc)	Set the keycode to be repeated.
set_last_mods(mods)	Set the mods to apply when repeating.
get_repeat_key_count()	Signed count of times the key has been repeated or alternate repeated.
get_alt_repeat_key_keycode()	Keycode to be used for alternate repeating.

Additional "Alternate" keys

By leveraging get_last_keycode() in macros, it is possible to define additional, distinct "Alternate Repeat"-like keys. The following defines two keys ALTREP2 and ALTREP3 and implements ten shortcuts with them for common English 5-gram letter patterns, taking inspiration from Stenotype:

Typing	Produces	Typing	Produces
A, ALTREP2	ation	A, ALTREP3	about
I, ALTREP2	ition	I, ALTREP3	inter
S, ALTREP2	ssion	S, ALTREP3	state
T, ALTREP2	their	T, ALTREP3	there
W, ALTREP2	which	W, ALTREP3	would

enum custom_keycodes {
    ALTREP2 = SAFE_RANGE,
    ALTREP3,
};

// Use ALTREP2 and ALTREP3 in your layout...

bool remember_last_key_user(uint16_t keycode, keyrecord_t* record,
                            uint8_t* remembered_mods) {
    switch (keycode) {
        case ALTREP2:
        case ALTREP3:
            return false;  // Ignore ALTREP keys.
    }

    return true;  // Other keys can be repeated.
}

static void process_altrep2(uint16_t keycode, uint8_t mods) {
    switch (keycode) {
        case KC_A: SEND_STRING(/*a*/"tion"); break;
        case KC_I: SEND_STRING(/*i*/"tion"); break;
        case KC_S: SEND_STRING(/*s*/"sion"); break;
        case KC_T: SEND_STRING(/*t*/"heir"); break;
        case KC_W: SEND_STRING(/*w*/"hich"); break;
    }
}

static void process_altrep3(uint16_t keycode, uint8_t mods) {
    switch (keycode) {
        case KC_A: SEND_STRING(/*a*/"bout"); break;
        case KC_I: SEND_STRING(/*i*/"nter"); break;
        case KC_S: SEND_STRING(/*s*/"tate"); break;
        case KC_T: SEND_STRING(/*t*/"here"); break;
        case KC_W: SEND_STRING(/*w*/"ould"); break;
    }
}

bool process_record_user(uint16_t keycode, keyrecord_t* record) {
    switch (keycode) {
        case ALTREP2: 
            if (record->event.pressed) {
                process_altrep2(get_last_keycode(), get_last_mods());
            }
            return false;

        case ALTREP3:
            if (record->event.pressed) {
                process_altrep3(get_last_keycode(), get_last_mods());
            }
            return false;
    }

    return true;
}